Gender identity development and coming out among transgender and gender diverse youth: A qualitative study on youth and parental experiences in Singapore

Objective: Singapore’s unique sociocultural and legal context can shape gender identity development and coming out in ways not understood from existing literature. The objective of this study is to understand the gender identity development and coming out of transgender and gender diverse youths in Singapore. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 13 transgender and gender diverse youths and five parents. Data were analyzed thematically. Results: Transgender and gender diverse youths did not initially recognize their discomfort as gender dysphoria. Coming out was delayed and carefully planned. Fear of parental reactions was a significant deterrent to earlier disclosure. The timing of coming out was heavily influenced by legal factors, such as the mandatory requirements of National Service. Concerns about immediate and extended familial acceptance and family reputation were common. Discussion: This is the first study that has explored gender identity development and coming out among Singaporean transgender and gender diverse youth and parents. This study offers critical, context-specific insights into how gender identity development and coming out unfold within Singapore’s unique sociocultural, familial, and legal landscape—factors that are often underrepresented in the existing literature. Reasons for delayed coming out are closely linked to the nature of the parent-child relationship which are strongly shaped by values of filial piety and collectivism. Strategic, socially conditioned coming out can inadvertently hasten the gender exploration process and complicate how others—such as family members or friends—perceive and support the individual’s gender identity. These findings underscore the necessity of context-specific research.