Colleges
Daniel Freeman
MA (Cantab) PhD DClinPsy CPsychol FBPsS FBA
Chair of Psychology
- Lead, Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP)
- National Institute for Health and Social Care Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator
- Consultant Clinical Psychologist, Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust
- Psychological therapies theme co-lead, NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre
- Founder of Oxford VR
- Professorial Fellow, Magdalen College Oxford
- Fellow, British Psychological Society
- Honorary Fellow, British Association for Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapies (BABCP)
- Fellow, British Academy
My work aims to help improve the lives of people with mental health conditions by developing, testing, and implementing new cognitive-behavioural interventions. A key focus is on paranoia. Over the past decade I have developed the most effective psychological therapy for persecutory delusions: the Feeling Safe programme. This is a translational treatment built upon advances by my research group in the theoretical understanding of paranoia.
I have pioneered the use of virtual reality (VR) to assess, understand, and treat mental health conditions. These treatments are automated: a virtual therapist guides the patient through the program. This means the interventions can be supported by a range of staff, thereby increasing access to effective psychological therapy. gameChange, a ground-breaking VR treatment for people with psychosis, is now being used in mental health services in the UK and USA. Development of gameChange was supported by the inaugural National Institute for Health and Social Care Research (NIHR) Invention for Innovation Mental Health Challenge Award.
My current work includes producing a more accessible version of the landmark Feeling Safe programme (Feeling Safer); conducting a clinical trial of a new automated VR therapy for young patients with psychosis (Phoenix); developing and testing a new automated VR therapy for needle fears; running a large multi-centre clinical trial testing the effects of treating sleep difficulties in patients with psychosis (Sleeping Better); a randomised controlled trial evaluating psychological therapy for patients at crisis with suicidal ideation (RAPID); and carrying out new psychological studies of paranoia, grandiose delusions, and hallucinations. My research has been supported by the NIHR, UK Medical Research Council (MRC), and the Wellcome Trust.
I studied natural sciences at the University of Cambridge and then completed a PhD and a doctorate in clinical psychology (DClinPsy) at the Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London. I have held a Wellcome Trust Fellowship, a Medical Research Council Senior Clinical Fellowship, and an NIHR Research Professorship. In 2011 I moved to the University of Oxford as Professor of Clinical Psychology in the Department of Psychiatry and set up the Oxford Cognitive Approaches to Psychosis (O-CAP) research group.
I joined the Department of Experimental Psychology in 2023 to hold the Chair of Psychology. I am a Consultant Clinical Psychologist in Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, an NIHR Senior Investigator, founder of the University spinout Oxford VR, Professorial Fellow at Magdalen College Oxford, and Fellow of the British Academy. I am the recipient of the 2020 British Psychological Society Presidents' Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychological Knowledge.
Key publications
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Explaining paranoia: cognitive and social processes in the occurrence of extreme mistrust.
Journal article
Freeman D. and Loe BS., (2023), BMJ Ment Health, 26
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Automated virtual reality cognitive therapy versus virtual reality mental relaxation therapy for the treatment of persistent persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (THRIVE): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial in England with mediation analyses.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), Lancet Psychiatry, 10, 836 - 847
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Automated virtual reality therapy to treat agoraphobic avoidance and distress in patients with psychosis (gameChange): a multicentre, parallel-group, single-blind, randomised, controlled trial in England with mediation and moderation analyses.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2022), Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 375 - 388
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Comparison of a theoretically driven cognitive therapy (the Feeling Safe Programme) with befriending for the treatment of persistent persecutory delusions: a parallel, single-blind, randomised controlled trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2021), Lancet Psychiatry, 8, 696 - 707
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Effects of different types of written vaccination information on COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in the UK (OCEANS-III): a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2021), Lancet Public Health, 6, e416 - e427
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Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2020), Lancet Psychiatry, 7, 628 - 637
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Automated psychological therapy using immersive virtual reality for treatment of fear of heights: a single-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2018), Lancet Psychiatry, 5, 625 - 632
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The effects of improving sleep on mental health (OASIS): a randomised controlled trial with mediation analysis.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2017), Lancet Psychiatry, 4, 749 - 758
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Persecutory delusions: a cognitive perspective on understanding and treatment.
Journal article
Freeman D., (2016), Lancet Psychiatry, 3, 685 - 692
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Effects of cognitive behaviour therapy for worry on persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (WIT): a parallel, single-blind, randomised controlled trial with a mediation analysis.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2015), Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 305 - 313
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Efficacy of cognitive behavioural therapy for sleep improvement in patients with persistent delusions and hallucinations (BEST): a prospective, assessor-blind, randomised controlled pilot trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2015), Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 975 - 983
Recent publications
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Real-world waitlist randomised controlled trial of gameChange VR to treat severe agoraphobic avoidance in patients with psychosis: a study protocol.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), BMJ Open, 15
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Sleep disruption and its psychological treatment in young people at risk of psychosis: A peer methods qualitative evaluation.
Journal article
Waite F. et al, (2025), Br J Clin Psychol
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A 6-month supported online program for the treatment of persecutory delusions: Feeling Safer.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), Psychol Med, 55
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Learning How to Improve the Treatment of Persecutory Delusions: Using a Principal Trajectories Analysis to Examine Differential Effects of Two Psychological Interventions (Feeling Safe, Befriending) in Distinct Groups of Patients.
Journal article
Jenner L. et al, (2025), Schizophr Bull
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Efficacy of a 6-month supported online programme (Feeling Safer) for the treatment of persecutory delusions: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), BMJ Open, 15
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Prior Expectations of Volatility Following Psychotherapy for Delusions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
Journal article
Sheffield JM. et al, (2025), JAMA Netw Open, 8
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Research assistants' experiences recruiting patients with psychosis into clinical trials: a qualitative study.
Journal article
Beckley A. et al, (2025), Trials, 26
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A six-month supported online programme for the treatment of persecutory delusions: Feeling Safer
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2025), Psychological Medicine
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A counterweight model for understanding and treating persecutory delusions.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2025), Psychol Med, 55
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Physiological Responses to Affective Virtual Coach Design in a VR Fear of Heights Consultation
Conference paper
Wei S. et al, (2025), Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1 - 8
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Sleep and circadian difficulties in schizophrenia: presentations, understanding, and treatment.
Journal article
Freeman D. and Waite F., (2025), Psychol Med, 55
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Paranoia and unusual sensory experiences in Parkinson's disease.
Journal article
Brown P. et al, (2025), Aging Ment Health, 1 - 16
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How do people recover from persecutory delusions? An interpretative phenomenological analysis
Journal article
Sher DA. et al, (2025), Psychosis
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The social media scale for depression in adolescence
Journal article
Twivy E. et al, (2025), International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 30
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Potential research priorities for understanding and treating severe paranoia (persecutory delusions): a priority-setting partnership between patients, carers, mental health staff, and researchers.
Journal article
Sher DA. et al, (2024), BMJ Ment Health, 27
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Supporting movement and physical activity in people with psychosis: A qualitative exploration of the carer perspective.
Journal article
Diamond R. et al, (2024), Int J Soc Psychiatry, 70, 1525 - 1532
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Theory driven psychological therapy for persecutory delusions: trajectories of patient outcomes.
Journal article
Jenner L. et al, (2024), Psychol Med, 1 - 9
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Exploring stigma, shame, and safety behaviours in social anxiety and paranoia amongst people diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Journal article
Aunjitsakul W. et al, (2024), Behav Cogn Psychother, 52, 581 - 595
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A randomized controlled experiment testing the use of virtual reality to trigger cigarette craving in people who smoke.
Journal article
Rovira A. et al, (2024), Sci Rep, 14
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Developing an Automated Virtual Reality Therapy for Improving Positive Self-Beliefs and Psychological Well-Being (Phoenix VR Self-Confidence Therapy): Tutorial.
Journal article
Rosebrock L. et al, (2024), JMIR Serious Games, 12
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A randomised controlled test in virtual reality of the effects on paranoid thoughts of virtual humans' facial animation and expression.
Journal article
Wei S. et al, (2024), Sci Rep, 14
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Study protocol for an adaptive, multi-arm, multi-stage (MAMS) randomised controlled trial of brief remotely delivered psychosocial interventions for people with serious mental health problems who have experienced a recent suicidal crisis: Remote Approaches to Psychosocial Intervention Delivery (RAPID).
Journal article
Pyle M. et al, (2024), Trials, 25
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Automated VR therapy for improving positive self-beliefs and psychological well-being in young patients with psychosis: a proof of concept evaluation of Phoenix VR self-confidence therapy.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2024), Behav Cogn Psychother, 52, 277 - 287
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Developing psychological treatments for psychosis.
Journal article
Freeman D., (2024), Br J Psychiatry, 224, 147 - 149
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Daydreaming and grandiose delusions: development of the Qualities of Daydreaming Scale.
Journal article
Isham L. et al, (2024), Behav Cogn Psychother, 1 - 15
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Understanding and Treating Persecutory Delusions.
Journal article
Freeman D., (2024), Schizophr Bull
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Framework for understanding movement and physical activity in patients diagnosed with psychosis.
Journal article
Diamond R. et al, (2024), BMJ Ment Health, 27
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Paranoia: A Journey Into Extreme Mistrust and Anxiety
Book
Freeman D., (2024)
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Psychological framework to understand interpersonal violence by forensic patients with psychosis.
Journal article
Lambe S. et al, (2024), Br J Psychiatry, 224, 47 - 54
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Visual Attention and Virtual Human Facial Animations in Virtual Reality (VR): An Eye-Tracking Study
Conference paper
Wei S. et al, (2024), Proceedings - 2024 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops, VRW 2024, 891 - 892
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Randomised controlled trial of automated VR therapy to improve positive self-beliefs and psychological well-being in young people diagnosed with psychosis: a study protocol for the Phoenix VR self-confidence therapy trial.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), BMJ Open, 13
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Automated virtual reality cognitive therapy versus virtual reality mental relaxation therapy for the treatment of persistent persecutory delusions in patients with psychosis (THRIVE): a parallel-group, single-blind, randomised controlled trial in England with mediation analyses.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), Lancet Psychiatry, 10, 836 - 847
-
Explaining paranoia: cognitive and social processes in the occurrence of extreme mistrust.
Journal article
Freeman D. and Loe BS., (2023), BMJ Ment Health, 26
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Explaining Paranoia
Journal article
FREEMAN D. and Loe BS., (2023), BMJ Mental Health
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Testing the combination of Feeling Safe and peer counselling against formulation-based cognitive behaviour therapy to promote psychological wellbeing in people with persecutory delusions: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (the Feeling Safe-NL Trial).
Journal article
Tolmeijer E. et al, (2023), Trials, 24
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[Recent developments in the modeling and psychological management of persecutory ideation].
Journal article
Raffard S. et al, (2023), Encephale
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Measuring dissociation across adolescence and adulthood: Developing the short-form Černis Felt Sense of Anomaly scale (ČEFSA-14)
Journal article
Cernis E. et al, (2023), Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
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A targeted psychological treatment for sleep problems in young people at ultra-high risk of psychosis in England (SleepWell): a parallel group, single-blind, randomised controlled feasibility trial.
Journal article
Waite F. et al, (2023), Lancet Psychiatry, 10, 706 - 718
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A randomised controlled test of emotional attributes of a virtual coach within a virtual reality (VR) mental health treatment.
Journal article
Wei S. et al, (2023), Sci Rep, 13
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AN EARLY CLINICAL PHASE COMPARISON OF AN AUTOMATED VR COGNITIVE THERAPY WITH VR MENTAL RELAXATION THERAPY FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERSISTENT PERSECUTORY DELUSIONS IN PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH PSYCHOSIS (THRIVE): A PARALLEL GROUP, SINGLE-BLIND, RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL IN ENGLAND WITH MEDIATION ANALYSES.
Journal article
FREEMAN D., (2023), Lancet Psychiatry
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Body image concerns in patients with persecutory delusions.
Journal article
Waite F. et al, (2023), Psychol Med, 53, 4121 - 4129
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Virtual reality (VR) therapy for patients with psychosis: satisfaction and side effects.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), Psychol Med, 53, 4373 - 4384
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Does treating insomnia with digital cognitive behavioural therapy (Sleepio) mediate improvements in anxiety for those with insomnia and comorbid anxiety? An analysis using individual participant data from two large randomised controlled trials.
Journal article
Henry AL. et al, (2023), J Affect Disord, 339, 58 - 63
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Measuring dissociation across adolescence and adulthood: Developing the short-form Cernis Felt Sense of Anomaly scale (CEFSA-14)
Preprint
Černis E. et al, (2023)
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The Difficulties of Grandiose Delusions: Harms, Challenges, and Implications for Treatment Engagement.
Journal article
Isham L. et al, (2023), Schizophr Bull
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Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Journal article
Freeman D. et al, (2023), Psychol Med, 53, 1185 - 1195
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Nightmares and psychiatric symptoms: A systematic review of longitudinal, experimental, and clinical trial studies.
Journal article
Sheaves B. et al, (2023), Clin Psychol Rev, 100
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The Oxford Agoraphobic Avoidance Scale.
Journal article
Lambe S. et al, (2023), Psychol Med, 53, 1233 - 1243
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The Oxford Positive Self Scale: psychometric development of an assessment of cognitions associated with psychological well-being
Journal article
FREEMAN D. et al, (2023), Psychological Medicine
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A Safe Place to Learn: Peer Research Qualitative Investigation of gameChange Virtual Reality Therapy.
Journal article
Bond J. et al, (2023), JMIR Serious Games, 11