Toolbox of individual-level interventions against online misinformation.
Kozyreva A., Lorenz-Spreen P., Herzog SM., Ecker UKH., Lewandowsky S., Hertwig R., Ali A., Bak-Coleman J., Barzilai S., Basol M., Berinsky AJ., Betsch C., Cook J., Fazio LK., Geers M., Guess AM., Huang H., Larreguy H., Maertens R., Panizza F., Pennycook G., Rand DG., Rathje S., Reifler J., Schmid P., Smith M., Swire-Thompson B., Szewach P., van der Linden S., Wineburg S.
The spread of misinformation through media and social networks threatens many aspects of society, including public health and the state of democracies. One approach to mitigating the effect of misinformation focuses on individual-level interventions, equipping policymakers and the public with essential tools to curb the spread and influence of falsehoods. Here we introduce a toolbox of individual-level interventions for reducing harm from online misinformation. Comprising an up-to-date account of interventions featured in 81 scientific papers from across the globe, the toolbox provides both a conceptual overview of nine main types of interventions, including their target, scope and examples, and a summary of the empirical evidence supporting the interventions, including the methods and experimental paradigms used to test them. The nine types of interventions covered are accuracy prompts, debunking and rebuttals, friction, inoculation, lateral reading and verification strategies, media-literacy tips, social norms, source-credibility labels, and warning and fact-checking labels.